Search Results (24 total)

The onset of trapping of electrons born inside a highly relativistic, 3D beam-driven plasma wake is investigated. Trapping occurs in the transition regions of a Li plasma confined by He gas. Li plasma electrons support the wake, and higher ionization potential He atoms are ionized as the beam is focused by Li ions and can be trapped. As the wake amplitude is increased, the onset of trapping is observed. Some electrons gain up to 7.6 GeV in a 30.5 cm plasma. The experimentally inferred trapping threshold is at a wake amplitude of 36  GV/m, in good agreement with an analytical model and PIC simulations.

Positrons in the energy range of 3–30 MeV, produced by x rays emitted by betatron motion in a plasma wiggler of 28.5 GeV electrons from the SLAC accelerator, have been measured. The extremely high-strength plasma wiggler is an ion column induced by the electron beam as it propagates through and ionizes dense lithium vapor. X rays in the range of 1–50 MeV in a forward cone angle of 0.1 mrad collide with a 1.7 mm thick tungsten target to produce electron-positron pairs. The positron spectra are found to be strongly influenced by the plasma density and length as well as the electron bunch length. By characterizing the beam propagation in the ion column these influences are quantified and result in excellent agreement between the measured and calculated positron spectra.

Plasma production via field ionization occurs when an incoming particle beam is sufficiently dense that the electric field associated with the beam ionizes a neutral vapor or gas. Experiments conducted at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center explore the threshold conditions necessary to induce field ionization by an electron beam in a neutral lithium vapor. By independently varying the transverse beam size, number of electrons per bunch, or bunch length, the radial component of the electric field is controlled to be above or below the threshold for field ionization. Additional experiments ionized neutral xenon and neutral nitric oxide by varying the incoming beam’s bunch length. A self-ionized plasma is an essential step for the viability of plasma-based accelerators for future high-energy experiments.

A plasma-wakefield accelerator has accelerated particles by over 2.7 GeV in a 10 cm long plasma module. A 28.5 GeV electron beam with 1.8×10¹⁰ electrons is compressed to 20  μm longitudinally and focused to a transverse spot size of 10  μm at the entrance of a 10 cm long column of lithium vapor with density 2.8×10¹⁷  atoms/cm³. The electron bunch fully ionizes the lithium vapor to create a plasma and then expels the plasma electrons. These electrons return one-half plasma period later driving a large amplitude plasma wake that in turn accelerates particles in the back of the bunch by more than 2.7 GeV.

A high-gradient, meter-scale plasma-wakefield accelerator module operating in the electron blowout regime is demonstrated experimentally. The beam and plasma parameters are chosen such that the matched beam channels through the plasma over more than 12 beam beta functions without spreading or oscillating over a range of densities optimum for observing both deceleration and acceleration. The wakefield decelerates the bulk of the initially 28.5 GeV beam by up to 155 MeV; however, particles in the back of the same beam are accelerated by up to 280 MeV at a density of 1.9×10¹⁴   cm^-3 as the wakefield changes sign.

Enhanced energy gain of externally injected electrons by a ∼3  cm long, high-gradient relativistic plasma wave (RPW) is demonstrated. Using a CO₂ laser beat wave of duration longer than the ion motion time across the laser spot size, a laser self-guiding process is initiated in a plasma channel. Guiding compensates for ionization-induced defocusing (IID) creating a longer plasma, which extends the interaction length between electrons and the RPW. In contrast to a maximum energy gain of 10 MeV when IID is dominant, the electrons gain up to 38 MeV energy in a laser-beat-wave-induced plasma channel.

The nonresonant beat-wave excitation of relativistic plasma waves is studied in two-dimensional simulations and experiments. It is shown through simulations that, as opposed to the resonant case, the accelerating electric fields associated with the nonresonant plasmons are always in phase with the beat-pattern of the laser pulse. The excitation of such nonresonant relativistic plasma waves is shown to be possible for plasma densities as high as 14 times the resonant density. The density fluctuations and the fields associated with these waves have significant magnitudes, facts confirmed experimentally using collinear Thomson scattering and electron injection, respectively. The applicability of these results towards eventual phase-locked acceleration of prebunched and externally injected electrons is discussed.

Tunnel ionizing neutral gas with the self-field of a charged particle beam is explored as a possible way of creating plasma sources for a plasma wakefield accelerator [Bruhwiler et al., Phys. Plasmas (to be published)]. The optimal gas density for maximizing the plasma wakefield without preionized plasma is studied using the PIC simulation code OSIRIS [R. Hemker et al., in Proceeding of the Fifth IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (IEEE, 1999), pp. 3672–3674]. To obtain wakefields comparable to the optimal preionized case, the gas density needs to be seven times higher than the plasma density in a typical preionized case. A physical explanation is given.

Plasma wakefields are both excited and probed by propagating an intense 28.5 GeV positron beam through a 1.4 m long lithium plasma. The main body of the beam loses energy in exciting this wakefield while positrons in the back of the same beam can be accelerated by the same wakefield as it changes sign. The scaling of energy loss with plasma density as well as the energy gain seen at the highest plasma density is in excellent agreement with simulations.

We report on the first study of the dynamic transverse forces imparted to an ultrarelativistic positron beam by a long plasma in the underdense regime. Focusing of the 28.5 GeV beam is observed from time-resolved beam profiles after the 1.4 m plasma. The strength of the imparted force varies along the ∼12  ps full length of the bunch as well as with plasma density. Computer simulations substantiate the longitudinal aberration seen in the data and reveal mechanisms for emittance degradation.

The focusing effects of a 1.4 m long, (0–2)×10¹⁴   cm^-3 plasma on a single 28.5 GeV electron bunch are studied experimentally in the underdense or blowout regime, where the beam density is much greater than the plasma density. As the beam propagates through the plasma, the density of plasma electrons along the incoming bunch drops from the ambient density to zero leaving a pure ion channel for the bulk of the beam. Thus, from the head of the beam up to the point where all plasma electrons are blown out, each successive longitudinal slice of the bunch experiences a different focusing force due to the plasma ions. The time-changing focusing force results in a different number of betatron oscillations for each slice depending upon its location within the bunch. By using an electron beam that has a correlated energy spread, this time-dependent focusing of the electron bunch has been observed by measuring the beam spot size in the image plane of a magnetic energy spectrometer placed at the plasma exit.

The transverse dynamics of a 28.5-GeV electron beam propagating in a 1.4 m long, (0–2)×10¹⁴  cm^-3 plasma are studied experimentally in the underdense or blowout regime. The transverse component of the wake field excited by the short electron bunch focuses the bunch, which experiences multiple betatron oscillations as the plasma density is increased. The spot-size variations are observed using optical transition radiation and Cherenkov radiation. In this regime, the behavior of the spot size as a function of the plasma density is well described by a simple beam-envelope model. Dynamic changes of the beam envelope are observed by time resolving the Cherenkov light.

The successful utilization of an ion channel in a plasma to wiggle a 28.5-GeV electron beam to obtain broadband x-ray radiation is reported. The ion channel is induced by the electron bunch as it propagates through an underdense 1.4-meter-long lithium plasma. The quadratic density dependence of the spontaneously emitted betatron x-ray radiation and the divergence angle of ∼(1–3)×10^-4 radian of the forward-emitted x-rays as a consequence of betatron motion in the ion channel are in good agreement with theory. The absolute photon yield and the peak spectral brightness at 14.2-keV photon energy are estimated.

The concept of using short plasma sections several meters in length to double the energy of a linear collider just before the collision point is proposed and modeled. In this scenario the beams from each side of a linear collider are split into pairs of microbunches with the first driving a plasma wake that accelerates the second. The luminosity of the doubled collider is maintained by employing plasma lenses to reduce the spot size before collision.

In a recent Brief Comment, the results of an experiment to measure the refraction of a particle beam were reported [P. Muggli et al., Nature 411, 43 (2001)]. The refraction takes place at a passive interface between a plasma and a gas. Here the full paper on which that Comment is based is presented. A theoretical model extends the results presented previously [T. Katsouleas et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 455, 161 (2000)]. The effective Snell's law is shown to be nonlinear, and the transients at the head of the beam are described. 3D particle-in-cell simulations are performed for parameters corresponding to the experiment. Additionally, the experiment to measure the refraction and internal reflection at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is described.

Emissions produced or initiated by a 30-GeV electron beam propagating through a ∼1-m long heat pipe oven containing neutral and partially ionized vapor have been measured near atomic spectral lines in a beam-plasma wakefield experiment. The Cerenkov spatial profile has been studied as a function of oven temperature and pressure, observation wavelength, and ionizing laser intensity and delay. The Cerenkov peak angle is affected by the creation of plasma, and estimates of neutral and plasma density have been extracted. Increases in visible background radiation, consistent with increased plasma recombination emissions due to dissipation of wakefields, were simultaneously measured.

The spatial extent of the plasma wave and the spectrum of the accelerated electrons are simultaneously measured when the relativistic plasma wave associated with Raman forward scattering of an intense laser beam reaches the wave breaking limit. The maximum observed energy of 94 MeV is greater than that expected from the phase slippage between the electrons and the accelerating electric field as given by the linear theory for preinjected electrons. The results are in good agreement with 2D particle-in-cell code simulations of the experiment.

Experimental evidence for the transient phase of the filamentation instability of a laser beam in a thermal force dominated plasma is presented. When the laser beam is crossed with a weaker degenerate probe beam at a small angle, the interference of the two beams drives a thermally enhanced ion grating which during its transient phase acts to seed the filamentation/forward Brillouin instability.

The propagation of an intense, subpicosecond laser pulse through a substantial length (L/λ∼10³) of an underdense plasma (n/n_c∼1%) is studied through experiments and computer simulations. For I  =  8×10¹⁷ W/cm² only 55% of the incident laser light was transmitted through the plasma within the focal cone angle. The decrease in transmission was accompanied by Raman forward scattering as evidenced by the generation of anti-Stokes sidebands and up to 2 MeV electrons. Simulations show that the majority of the reduction in transmission could be due to Raman forward and side scattering.

High-gradient acceleration of externally injected 2.1-MeV electrons by a laser beat wave driven relativistic plasma wave has been demonstrated for the first time. Electrons with energies up to the detection limit of 9.1 MeV were detected when such a plasma wave was resonantly excited using a two-frequency laser. This implies a gradient of 0.7 GeV/m, corresponding to a plasma-wave amplitude of more than 8%. The electron signal was below detection threshold without injection or when the laser was operated on a single frequency.

The tunneling-ionization model predicts that fully ionized plasmas with controllable perpendicular (T_⊥) and negligible longitudinal temperature (T_∥) can be produced. The validity of these predictions has been studied through experiments and supporting theory and simulations. Emission of odd harmonics of the laser frequency, indicative of a stepwise ionization process, has been observed. X-ray measurements show that the plasma temperature is higher for a circularly polarized laser-produced plasma compared to when linear polarization is used. Analytically we find that the growth of the stimulated Raman (SRS) and Compton scattering (SCS) instabilities are suppressed during the ionization phase. A higher T_∥ than expected from the single-particle-tunneling model was observed after the ionization phase through SCS fluctuation spectra. The maximum achievable plasma density is found to be limited by ionization induced refraction. One-dimensional (1D) simulations show that, after the ionization phase, the initial T_∥ is low as expected from the single particle model and SRS density fluctuations grow to large values. In 2D simulations, however, T_∥ at the end of the ionization phase is already much higher and only SCS is seen to grow. The simulations indicate that stochastic heating and the Weibel instability play an important role in plasma heating in all directions and in making the plasma isotropic. Two-dimensional simulations also confirm that refraction plays a crucial role in determining the maximum electron density that can be obtained in such plasmas.

Tunnel-ionized plasmas have been studied through experiments and particle simulations. Experimentally, x-ray measurements show that the plasma temperature is higher for a circularly polarized laser-produced plasma compared to when linear polarization is used. A higher parallel temperature than expected from the single-particle tunneling model was observed through Compton scattering fluctuation spectra. Simulations indicate that stochastic heating and the Weibel instability play an important role in plasma heating in all directions and isotropization.

The electron-density fluctuation spectra induced by stimulated Compton scattering (SCS) are directly observed for the first time. A CO₂ laser is focused into plasmas with densities n_e spanning (0.4–6)×10¹⁶ cm^-3. The fluctuations corresponding to backscatter are probed using Thomson scattering. At low n_e, the scattered spectrum peaks at a frequency shift Δω=kv_e and appears to be in a linear convectively saturated regime. At the highest n_e, a nonlinear saturation of the SCS instability is observed possibly due to a self-induced perturbation of the electron distribution function.