Search Results (39 total)

The status of the research on muon colliders is discussed and plans are outlined for future theoretical and experimental studies. Besides work on the parameters of a 3–4 and 0.5 TeV center-of-mass (COM) energy collider, many studies are now concentrating on a machine near 0.1 TeV (COM) that could be a factory for the s-channel production of Higgs particles. We discuss the research on the various components in such muon colliders, starting from the proton accelerator needed to generate pions from a heavy-Z target and proceeding through the phase rotation and decay (π→μν_μ) channel, muon cooling, acceleration, storage in a collider ring, and the collider detector. We also present theoretical and experimental R&D plans for the next several years that should lead to a better understanding of the design and feasibility issues for all of the components. This report is an update of the progress on the research and development since the feasibility study of muon colliders presented at the Snowmass '96 Workshop [R. B. Palmer, A. Sessler, and A. Tollestrup, Proceedings of the 1996 DPF/DPB Summer Study on High-Energy Physics (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park, CA, 1997)].

Inclusive single photon spectra have been measured in the transverse momentum (p_T) range from a few MeV/c up to approximately 1 GeV/c at various nucleon-nucleon center of momentum rapidities (y_NN) in the interval from -2.4<y_NN<+0.5 in 18 GeV/c p-Be and p-W collisions. These distributions were used to estimate the inclusive p_T and rapidity distributions for π⁰ production over approximately the same kinematic range. The measured photon spectra are compared with the expected distribution of photons from π⁰ decays and hadronic bremsstrahlung in order to search for new sources of ‘‘soft’’ photons at low transverse momentum. The results indicate no anomalous sources of soft photons in either p-Be or p-W interactions at these energies. The p-W data at forward angles set a limit on any excess of low p_T photons at <2.65 times hadronic bremsstrahlung at the 99% C.L. © 1996 The American Physical Society.

We have conducted a search for bound states of a negative pion and a number of neutrons (pineuts) using the E814 spectrometer. A beam of ²⁸Si at a momentum of 14.6A GeV/c was used to bombard targets of Al, Cu, Sn, and Pb. We describe our experimental technique, present measured upper limits for pineut production, and discuss the significance of our results.

We present the transverse energy distributions, dσ/dE_T and dE_T/dη, and the charged particle multiplicity distributions, dσ/dN_c and dN_c/dη, produced in p+Al and p+Pb collisions at 14.6 GeV/c. The data exhibit a weak correlation between these global variables. While a significant increase of the mean multiplicity with the mass of the target is observed, the transverse energy distributions show little target dependence. The dE_T/dη distribution shifts backward as the mass of the target increases, indicating the presence of rescattering. The data are compared to the predictions of the relativistic quantum molecular dynamic model (RQMD) and Fritiof event generators. RQMD reproduces well the main features of the data while Fritiof predicts too forward peaked transverse energy and particle multiplicity pseudorapidity distributions.

An investigation of the production of neutron-rich isotopes from the fragmentation of ²⁸Si projectiles at p_lab=14.6 GeV/c per nucleon was performed using the BNL-AGS-E814 spectrometer. We have measured the inclusive production cross sections of neutron-rich fragments (⁶He, ⁸He, ⁸Li, ⁹Li, ¹⁰Be, ¹¹Be, and ¹³B). We have also measured the transverse momentum distributions for ⁶He and ⁹Li, and the forward and transverse energy distributions associated with ⁶He production. The momentum distributions were analyzed in the context of the Goldhaber model. The question of whether the fragments are produced in the decay of the projectile following its electromagnetic excitation was also investigated.

We have studied in detail the electromagnetic dissociation of ²⁸Si projectiles at 14.6 GeV/(c nucleon), interacting with Pb, Sn, Cu, and Al targets. Exclusive cross sections were measured for several decay channels, including final states involving the emission of protons, neutrons, and α particles. Excitation energy distributions for the 1n+²⁷Si and 2p+²⁶Mg decay channels were reconstructed with a resolution of 2 MeV, using a constrained kinematic fit. The energy distributions obtained for 1n+²⁷Si are in good agreement with the σ(γ,n) photoneutron cross sections multiplied by the virtual photon spectrum obtained in the Weizsäcker-Williams approximation. A search for the double photon excitation process, based on the dependence of the cross sections on the target atomic number, was performed.

Inclusive double differential multiplicities d²N/dy dp_t and related quantities have been measured for protons and deuterons produced in 14.6A GeV/c Si+Al and Si+Pb collisions using the E814 forward spectrometer at the AGS at BNL. Collision ‘‘centrality’’ is determined by measuring N_c, the total charged particle multiplicity in the pseudorapidity range 0.85<η<3.8. For both systems Si + Al and Si + Pb, an increase in the proton rapidity distribution dN/dy at midrapidity and a corresponding decrease at higher rapidities are observed with increasing N_c. For Si+Pb, Boltzmann slope parameters T_B increase significantly in the most central collisions. The measured distributions exhibit a centrality dependence even when σ/σ_geo≲10%, where full overlap between the Si and Pb nuclei occurs in a simple geometric picture. The proton rapidity distribution dN/dy is presented for the symmetric system Si+Al over the entire rapididty interval. The total number of protons, which is the integral of this quantity over rapidity, varies with N_c. Results are compared with various model calculations, mostly using the hadronic cascade codes ARC and RQMD. No significant nuclear transparency is observed, indicating that large baryon and energy densities are produced in these collisions.

We have measured cross sections for the synthesis of nuclei of mass A≤4 in collisions of 14.6A GeV/c ²⁸Si nuclei with targets of Pb, Cu, and Al. The data are measured at close to center-of-mass rapidities, and are unique in their exploration of the centrality dependence of nucleosynthesis. Simple coalescence models that were used to study nucleosynthesis at lower energies are inadequate for the description of our measurements. Our data and improved models are used to extract parameters related to the size of the interaction volume at freeze-out.

We present the results of an analysis of two charged particle and transverse energy correlations in Si+Pb collisions at BNL AGS at 14.6 GeV/c per nucleon. The measured semi-inclusive normalized two particle pseudorapidity corrleation function exhibits short range correlations similar to the correlations observed in hadron-hadron and hadron-nucleus collisions at higher energies, although the observed correlations are smaller than the values scaled from hp and hA data. Estimates, provided by the observed correlations, of the intermittency indices as well as of the parameters of the cluster model are presented. Predictions using the fritiof event generator, which at this level of statistical accuracy show no pseudorapidity correlations, are not in agreement with our data. Azimuthal angle two particle correlations show nonzero back-to-back correlations in the central region (consistent with fritiof predictions) and are almost flat in the projectile fragmentation region. We also present results on the transverse energy azimuthal correlation function, which are similar to those from the two particle correlation function.

We present a systematic study of transverse energy (E_T) production in collisions of 11.4A GeV/c Au and 14.6A GeV/c Si ions with targets of Al, Au, and Pb. Comparison of data for Au+Au and Si+Al indicates that, for the heavier system, there is an increase in the amount of stopping which is accompanied by a decrease in the width of the dE_T/dη distribution. The ratio of the maximum E_T observed for the two systems is significantly greater than the ratio of the total energy available in the center of mass frame.

We have measured antiproton production cross sections as functions of centrality in collisions of 14.6 GeV/c per nucleon ²⁸Si ions with targets of Al, Cu, and Pb. For all targets, the antiproton yields increase linearly with the number of projectile nucleons that have interacted, and show little target dependence. We discuss the implications of this result on the production and absorption of antiprotons within the nuclear medium.

Collisions of ²⁸Si+Al, Cu, and Pb at E_lab=14.6 GeV/nucleon were studied at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. Charged particle multiplicity was measured over the pseudorapidity interval 0.875≤η≤3.86 with a silicon pad detector. A strong correlation is seen between the multiplicity and the transverse energy measured in the interval -0.5≤η≤0.8. Correlation with the energy going forward after the collision and comparison with calculations indicate that rescattering is required to explain the data. The data are compared under the assumption of Koba-Nielson-Olesen scaling. The measured multiplicity scales approximately with the total number of participant nucleons and less well with the available center-of-mass kinetic energy.

We report a direct measurement of the final-state energy spectrum in the electromagnetic dissociation of ²⁸Si into p+ ²⁷Al at an energy of 14.6 GeV/nucleon. The final-state energy is obtained through a calculation of the p-²⁷Al invariant mass in kinematically reconstructed events. The final-state energy spectrum for all targets is peaked near the isovector giant-dipole resonance in ²⁸Si and the dependence of the magnitude of the cross section on target charge confirms that the excitation is largely electromagnetic. By exploiting the expected scaling behavior on target Z and A, the background from nuclear interactions is evaluated and subtracted, leaving a pure electromagnetic dissociation final-state energy distribution. This distribution is well reproduced by simulated events, in which the photon spectrum calculated in the Weiszäcker-Williams approximation is combined with experimental data on the photonuclear reaction ²⁸Si(γ,p) ²⁷Al, and slight differences are observed only at low final-state energy.

We present the rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of protons and neutrons from collisions between 14.6 GeV/nucleon beams of ²⁸Si and targets of Al, Cu, and Pb. The data were measured in the forward spectrometer/target calorimeter detectors of the E814 apparatus. The results indicate the existence of two distinct domains, one of beam rapidity projectilelike nucleons, and the second of participant nucleons. From the former, the in-medium inelastic nucleon-nucleon cross section is deduced. It is found to agree, within 10%, with the ‘‘free’’ value of 30 mb although under present conditions one of the two colliding nucleons has been struck before with a high probability. We compare with the present data the predictions of a fragmentation model as well as of models dealing explicitly with the heavy-ion collision and particle creation and emission.

It is demonstrated that the naive expectation of Z_T² dependence of the cross section for reactions produced via Coulomb dissociation in heavy ions is modified substantially due to the ‘‘apparent’’ charge distribution. The deviations are shown to be important in predicting both the energy and the Z_T dependence of the cross sections. The effect increases with Q value of a given dissociation channel; for a given Q value the deviation is larger for lower incident energy.

Electromagnetic dissociation cross sections for one, two, and three nucleon removal were measured for an E_lab/A=14.6 GeV ²⁸Si beam impinging on ²⁷Al, ¹²⁰Sn, and ²⁰⁸Pb targets. The measured cross sections exhibit an approximate Z_T² dependence and are well reproduced by calculations convoluting the virtual photon spectrum with the experimental σ(γ,N) photonuclear cross sections. Comparison with other experimental results and energy dependence of the cross sections are discussed.

Collisions of ²⁸Si+Al, Cu, Pb at E_lab/A=14.6 GeV were studied in a calorimetry-based experiment at the BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. Transverse-energy production was measured for pseudorapidities -0.5<η<0.8. Correlations with the spectra and multiplicity of neutrons and protons emitted into a forward 0.8° cone demonstrate quantitatively the large amount of nuclear stopping observed in these reactions. Calculations in hadronic-fireball or nucleon-nucleon based models underpredict the measured transverse-energy production for Si+Pb and indicate the need to include rescattering of secondaries and /or contributions from target fragmentation.

Low-transverse-momentum photon production at the CERN ISR is compared in high- and low-multiplicity events. High-transverse-energy pp collisions and low-multiplicity αα and pp collisions are studied. Relative photon-to-charged-track production is found to be the same in pp minimum bias, αα minimum bias, and pp high-transverse-energy collisions, to within 15%. No low-P_T excess is seen; the limits are dominated by systematic uncertainties.

Relative yields of φ and charged K mesons are measured as functions of charged multiplicity in the central rapidity region for pp, dd, pα, and αα collisions at sqrt[s_NN]=3.15 and 44 GeV. No anomalous strange-particle production is observed in αα reactions relative to pp even at large multiplicities corresponding to events comprising less than 3.6×10^-4 of the inclusive cross section.

Rapidity and charge distributions have been measured for central charged tracks in events at center-of-mass energy 63 GeV, triggered on a π⁰ near 11° with transverse momentum greater than 2.25 GeV/c. The observed distributions are consistent with parton-parton scattering models with a spin-one gluon, and inconsistent with the exchange of a spin-zero gluon.

Measurements of the central multiplicity associated with high-p_t particles up to 2 GeV/c in p-p, p-α, and α-α collisions, and measurements of dσ / dE_t are presented. The difference in associated multiplicity, n (p-α)-n(p-p), is independent of p_t while n (α-α)-n(p-p) rises with p_t, providing new information on the "anomalous" p_t dependence of nuclear inclusive cross sections.

Correlations of two π⁰ mesons with transverse momenta p_T up to 13 GeV/c have been measured with large azimuthal acceptance. Results for cross sections, p_out, and z distributions are compared in detail with models based on two-constituent scattering and fragmentation. The width of the constituent transverse-momentum Gaussian distribution would have to be doubled to match that from experiments with p_T below 5 GeV/c. A more likely explanation is the presence of processes with more than two constituents in the final state.

We have studied inclusive Δ⁺⁺ production at 147 GeV/c in pp, K⁺p, π⁺p, and π^-p interactions. All four reactions were detected with the same apparatus and analyzed in the same way. The energy dependence of the Δ⁺⁺ cross section was found to be Ap^-1+B for pp, K⁺p, and π⁺p interactions and constant for π^-p interactions. The shape of the inclusive Δ⁺⁺ distributions does not depend on the beam, while the magnitudes are proportional to the total cross sections. We have obtained the effective trajectory at the p-Δ⁺⁺ vertex from a triple-Regge analysis and found that all results are consistent with predictions of a triple-Regge diagram where a Pomeron is exchanged at the beam vertex and a π at the target vertex.

We present measurements of the differential and polarization cross sections for the reactions K_L⁰p→K_s⁰p, Λπ⁺, Σ⁰π⁺, and Λπ⁺π⁰ made in a hydrogen bubble chamber exposed to a beam of K_L⁰ with incident momentum 550±35 MeV/c. The quasielastic data imposes additional constraints on the partial-wave analyses of the KN and K̅ N systems. Our data show no strong energy-dependent effects in the region of the reported Σ(1580), J^P=3 / 2^- state. The phase of the forward regeneration amplitude was found to be about - 160° independent of K_L⁰ momentum.

The decay K_L⁰→πeν was studied in an experiment using the Argonne 12-ft bubble chamber exposed to a K_L⁰ beam of momentum 550 ± 35 MeV/c. Use of the monochromatic beam and the large chamber volume allowed the selection of about 12000 K_e3⁰ events, containing a small [(5.3 ± 0.5)%] and well understood background from K_μ3⁰ decay. The main feature of this experiment is the good acceptance over the Dalitz plot which minimizes possible systematic errors in the determination of the vector form factor f₊(q²). We find that the data are adequately described by a linear q² parameterization, f₊(q²)=f₊(0)[1+λ₊q² / m_π²], with the slope parameter λ₊=0.028±0.004 before radiative corrections are made. Direct application of radiative corrections, as calculated by Ginsberg, yields λ₊=0.025±0.005. Our result is in good agreement with other recent experiments and with the assumption of K^*(890) dominance.