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Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams
Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, is a peer reviewed, purely electronic journal, distributed without charge to readers and funded by contributions from national laboratories. It covers the full range of accelerator science and technology: subsystem and component technologies, beam dynamics; accelerator applications; and design, operation, and improvement of accelerators used in science and industry. This includes accelerators for high energy and nuclear physics, synchrotron radiation production, spallation neutron sources, medical therapy, and intense beam applications. More...
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Image from Röhrs et al. Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12 0050704 (2009), Time-resolved electron beam phase space tomography at a soft x-ray free-electron laser.
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April 27, 2009 Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams is offering a Special Edition for the 2009 Particle Accelerator Conference that will be held May 4-8, 2009 in Vancouver, Canada. This Special Edition offers the opportunity to expand upon original research presented at PAC09 in a peer-reviewed journal. More Information.... More News/Announcements
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March 13, 2009 Starting March 2009, the PRST-AB web site features selected "cover"
images extracted from recently published papers. Selections are based on
aesthetics; in making our selection we look for attractive and
interesting graphics. If a choice must be made between several promising
contenders, we will also consider the contents both of the image and of
its associated paper. The image will be identified by the title of the
paper; there will also be a link to the article. The image itself may be
slightly modified. Kaleidoscope images, one per issue, rotate
on the main web site and may be browsed in an archive. The PRST-AB image archive already
contains some interesting PRST-AB images which have caught our attention
during the last couple of months. Read More | More News/Announcements
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December 1, 2008
We deeply regret the passing of our friend and colleague, Robert H. Siemann, on September 16, 2008. He was the founding Editor of Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams. We are now publishing a dedicated section of essays in memory of Bob Siemann. The essays are from different angles of Bob’s remarkable career and life. We hope these anecdotes and educational remarks are a benefit to our readers.
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October 7, 2008 We deeply regret the passing of our friend and colleague, Robert H. Siemann, on September 16, 2008. He was the Editor of Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams from its founding in 1998 through 2007, when he stepped down for health reasons—not without ensuring a smooth and efficient transition to his successors.
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May 22, 2008 Accelerator science and technology have evolved as accelerators became larger and important to a broad range of science. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams was established to serve the accelerator community as a timely, widely circulated, international journal covering the full breadth of accelerators and beams. The history of the journal and the innovations associated with it are reviewed.
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May 5, 2008 On 14 May 2008, Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams is celebrating its 10th anniversary. PRST-AB was founded by Robert Siemann and the APS in 1998 to provide the accelerator community with its own journal, covering all aspects of accelerators from fundamental physics to technology.
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January 10, 2008 Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams is offering a Special Edition for the 11th European Particle Accelerator Conference that will be held June 23-27, 2008 in Genoa, Italy. This Special Edition offers the opportunity to expand upon original research presented at EPAC 2008 in a peer-reviewed journal. APS would like to acknowledge the financial contribution made by EPAC'08 in support of the journal. More Information.... More News/Announcements
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Affilitated Professional Groups
The Division of Physics of Beams of the American Physical Society and the European Physical Society Accelerators Group serve as Affiliated Professional Groups for Physical Review Topics Special Accelerators and Beams. Together they share the responsibility for the health and vitality of the journal by providing advice and encouraging scholarly publication in accelerator science and technology.
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Because of the generous support by sponsors, this journal is provided without charge to either authors or readers; no subscription is necessary. For more information about becoming a sponsor, please contact the Editor, Frank Zimmermann.
Physical Review Special Topics — Accelerators and Beams (PRST-AB) publishes Conference Editions, Special Editions and Special Collections. The Special and Conference Editions are associated with accelerator conferences, and the Special Collections bring together the work of groups and collaborations.
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Review articles in Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams examine active areas of research in a form that is useful to both practitioners and people entering the field. Progress on the topic is analyzed critically, the most successful methods identified, and areas for future development suggested.
Review Articles
Edgar Mahner
During high-intensity heavy-ion operation of several particle accelerators worldwide, large dynamic pressure rises of orders of magnitude were caused by lost beam ions that impacted under grazing angle onto the vacuum chamber walls. This ion-induced desorption, observed, for example, at CERN, GSI, a...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 11, 104801
] Published Wed Oct 29, 2008
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Ute Linz and Jose Alonso
After many years on the periphery of cancer therapy, the successes of proton and ion beams in tumor therapy are gradually receiving a higher degree of recognition. The considerable construction and acquisition costs are usually invoked to explain the slow market penetration of this favorable treatme...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10, 094801
] Published Mon Sep 24, 2007
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Zhirong Huang and Kwang-Je Kim
High-gain free-electron lasers (FELs) are being developed as extremely bright sources for a next-generation x-ray facility. In this paper, we review the basic theory of the start-up, the exponential growth, and the saturation of the high-gain process, emphasizing the self-amplified spontaneous emiss...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 10, 034801
] Published Mon Mar 12, 2007
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F. Zimmermann
Electrons generated and accumulated inside the beam-pipe form an “electron cloud” that interacts with a charged particle beam. If the number of electrons is sizable, this beam-cloud interaction can give rise to a two-stream instability, resulting in beam loss or emittance growth. The instability...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 124801
] Published Tue Dec 21, 2004
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Ronald C. Davidson, Igor Kaganovich, Hong Qin, Edward A. Startsev, Dale R. Welch, David V. Rose, and Han S. Uhm
This paper presents a survey of the present theoretical understanding of collective processes and beam-plasma interactions affecting intense heavy ion beam propagation in heavy ion fusion systems. In the acceleration and beam transport regions, the topics covered include discussion of the conditions...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 114801
] Published Wed Nov 17, 2004
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Ian D. Smith
Induction voltage adders (IVA) and induction accelerators of various types are described and their principles and advantages are discussed. The designs and technologies used in the various subsections and components of high-current IVAs are described. Some features of the pulse power that drives IVA...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 064801
] Published Mon Jun 14, 2004
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Steven M. Lund and Boris Bukh
The transverse evolution of the envelope of an intense, unbunched ion beam in a linear transport channel can be modeled for the approximation of linear self-fields by the Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij (KV) envelope equations. Here we employ the KV envelope equations to analyze the linear stability proper...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 7, 024801
] Published Wed Feb 11, 2004
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Luca Giannessi
The high brightness electron beam required by a short wavelength self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (FEL) may be reached only with an accurate design of the beam dynamics from the generation in the rf injector up to the undulator. The beam dynamics is affected by strong self-con...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 6, 114802
] Published Mon Nov 10, 2003
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L. Nadolski and J. Laskar
Frequency map analysis [J. Laskar, Icarus 88, 266 (1990)] is used here to analyze the transverse dynamics of four third generation synchrotron light sources: the ALS, the ESRF, the SOLEIL project, and Super-ACO. Time variations of the betatron tunes give additional information for the global dynamic...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 6, 114801
] Published Tue Nov 4, 2003
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Recently published articles in Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams. See the current issue for more.
Pulsed-Power Accelerators, Technology, and Dynamics
Nichelle Bruner, Thomas Genoni, Elizabeth Madrid, Dale Welch, Kelly Hahn, and Bryan Oliver
The induction voltage adder is an accelerator architecture used in recent designs of pulsed-power driven x-ray radiographic systems such as Sandia National Laboratories’ Radiographic Integrated Test Stand (RITS), the Atomic Weapons Establishment’s planned Hydrus Facility, and the Naval Research ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 070401
] Published Wed Jul 1, 2009
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J. R. Woodworth, J. A. Alexander, F. R. Gruner, W. A. Stygar, M. J. Harden, J. R. Blickem, G. J. Dension, F. E. White, L. M. Lucero, H. D. Anderson, L. F. Bennett, S. F. Glover, D. Van DeValde, and M. G. Mazarakis
We are investigating several alternate gas-switch designs for use in linear transformer drivers. To meet linear-transformer-driver (LTD) requirements, these air-insulated switches must be DC charged to 200Â kV, be triggerable with a jitter of 5Â ns or less, have very low prefire and no-fire rates (â...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 060401
] Published Mon Jun 8, 2009
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Synchrotron Radiation and Free-Electron Lasers
Tsumoru Shintake et al.
We achieved stable operation of a free-electron laser (FEL) based on the self-amplified spontaneous-emission (SASE) scheme at the SPring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) test accelerator in the extremely ultraviolet region. Saturation of the SASE FEL power has been achieved at wavelengths ranging from 5...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 070701
] Published Thu Jul 2, 2009
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R. R. Lindberg and K.-J. Kim
We describe the radiation properties of an x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) oscillator, beginning with its start-up from noise through saturation. We first decompose the initially chaotic undulator radiation into the growing longitudinal modes of the composite system consisting of the electron beam, ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 070702
] Published Thu Jul 2, 2009
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P. de Buyl, D. Fanelli, R. Bachelard, and G. De Ninno
The out-of-equilibrium mean-field dynamics of a model for wave-particle interaction is investigated. Such a model can be regarded as a general formulation for all those applications where the complex interplay between particles and fields is known to be central, e.g., electrostatic instabilities in ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 060704
] Published Wed Jun 17, 2009
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Y. Ding, Z. Huang, D. Ratner, P. Bucksbaum, and H. Merdji
Generation of attosecond x-ray pulses is attracting much attention within the x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) user community. Several schemes using extremely short laser pulses to manipulate the electron bunches have been proposed. In this paper, we extend the attosecond two-color enhanced self-ampl...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 060703
] Published Thu Jun 11, 2009
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Naum S. Ginzburg, Andrey M. Malkin, Nikolay Yu. Peskov, Alexandr S. Sergeev, Vladislav Yu. Zaslavsky, Keichi Kamada, and Ritoku Ando
Periodical Bragg structures may be considered as an effective way of controlling the electromagnetic energy fluxes and provision of spatially coherent radiation in the free electron lasers with oversized interaction space. A new scheme of terahertz band FEL with hybrid Bragg resonator is proposed co...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 060702
] Published Wed Jun 3, 2009
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D. Xiang, Z. Huang, and G. Stupakov
We propose a scheme that combines the echo-enabled harmonic generation technique with the bunch compression and allows one to generate harmonic numbers of a few hundred in a microbunched beam through up-conversion of the frequency of an ultraviolet seed laser. A few-cycle intense laser is used to ge...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 060701
] Published Tue Jun 2, 2009
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High-Energy Accelerators and Colliders
Yunhai Cai, J. Flanagan, H. Fukuma, Y. Funakoshi, T. Ieiri, K. Ohmi, K. Oide, Y. Suetsugu, and Jamal Rorie
Microwave instability in the low energy ring of KEKB was studied using a broadband impedance model. The model gave excellent descriptions of longitudinal dynamics for both positive and negative momentum compactions. Moreover, it predicted that the threshold of microwave instability was a factor of 2...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 061002
] Published Tue Jun 30, 2009
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Chun-xi Wang
A simple treatment of minimum emittance theory in storage rings is presented, favoring vector and matrix forms for a more concise picture. Both conventional uniform dipoles and nonuniform dipoles with bending radius variation are treated. Simple formulas are given for computing the minimum emittance...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 061001
] Published Wed Jun 3, 2009
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Roger M. Jones, Valery A. Dolgashev, and Juwen W. Wang
The shape of an rf pulse is distorted due to dispersion encountered in acceleration through traveling-wave linear accelerator structures. Simulations are made to ascertain the severity of this distortion in cavities designed to operate at various group velocities. The pulse suffers maximum degradati...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 051001
] Published Fri May 29, 2009
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New Acceleration Techniques
G. V. Sotnikov, T. C. Marshall, and J. L. Hirshfield
A new scheme for a dielectric wakefield accelerator is proposed that employs a cylindrical multizone dielectric structure configured as two concentric dielectric tubes with outer and inner vacuum channels for drive and accelerated bunches. Analytical and numerical studies have been carried out for s...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 061302
] Published Mon Jun 22, 2009
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Peicheng Yu, Yu Wang, and Wenhui Huang
We present the lattice design for the pulse mode of the compact laser-electron storage ring for a Compton x-ray source. The lattice is optimized to suppress the intrabeam scattering (IBS), which is the dominant factor that leads to emittance growth. To better simulate the beam dynamics in the pulse ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 061301
] Published Tue Jun 9, 2009
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W. van Dijk, J. M. Corstens, S. B. van der Geer, M. J. van der Wiel, and G. J. Brussaard
The effects of experimental variations in the synchronization, laser power, and plasma density on the final beam parameters of externally injected electrons accelerated in a plasma wave are studied using a hybrid model. This model combines a relativistic fluid description of the plasma wave generate...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 051304
] Published Fri May 29, 2009
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Radio Frequency Calculations and Technology
A. L. Vikharev, A. M. Gorbachev, O. A. Ivanov, V. A. Isaev, S. V. Kuzikov, M. A. Lobaev, J. L. Hirshfield, S. H. Gold, and A. K. Kinkead
Results obtained in several experiments on active rf pulse compression at X band using a magnicon as the high-power rf source are presented. In these experiments, microwave energy is stored in high-Q TE01 and TE02 modes of two parallel-fed resonators, and then discharged using switches activated wit...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 062003
] Published Tue Jun 30, 2009
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J. R. Delayen and H. Wang
A new type of rf structure for the deflection and crabbing of particle beams is presented. The structure is comprised of a number of parallel TEM resonant lines operating in opposing phase from each other. One of its advantages is its compactness compared to conventional crabbing cavities operating ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 062002
] Published Thu Jun 18, 2009
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M. Dehler, J.-Y. Raguin, A. Citterio, A. Falone, W. Wuensch, G. Riddone, A. Grudiev, and R. Zennaro
We present the electrical design for an X-band traveling wave accelerator structure with integrated alignment monitors to measure the transverse wake, which will be used as part of the PSI-XFEL project and in the CLIC structure testing program. At PSI, it will compensate nonlinearities in the longit...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 062001
] Published Wed Jun 3, 2009
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Beam Control, Diagnostics, and Feedback
C. Sun, J. Li, G. Rusev, A. P. Tonchev, and Y. K. Wu
A gamma-ray beam produced by Compton scattering of a laser beam with an electron beam can be used to measure the electron beam parameters. In several published works, a simple fitting model has been applied to determine the electron beam energy and energy spread without considering the gamma beam co...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 062801
] Published Thu Jun 18, 2009
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Other Accelerator Subsystems and Technologies
V. Mironov and J. P. Beijers
The ion production in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) is modeled using a particle-in-cell Monte-Carlo-collision code in a three-dimensional geometry. Only the heavy particles (ions and atoms) are tracked, while the electrons are represented using a Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distrib...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 073501
] Published Wed Jul 1, 2009
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Masahiro Ikegami et al.
The dynamics of a MeV laser-produced proton beam affected by a radio frequency (rf) electric field has been studied. The proton beam was emitted normal to the rear surface of a thin polyimide target irradiated with an ultrashort pulsed laser with a power density of 4×1018 W/cm2. The energy spr...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 063501
] Published Tue Jun 30, 2009
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Single-Particle Dynamics
Hong Qin and Ronald C. Davidson
The Courant-Snyder theory gives a complete description of the uncoupled transverse dynamics of charged particles in electromagnetic focusing lattices. In this paper, the Courant-Snyder theory is generalized to the case of coupled transverse dynamics with two degrees of freedom. The generalized theor...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 064001
] Published Thu Jun 25, 2009
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Low-Energy, Multiple-Particle Dynamics
D. Stratakis, R. A. Kishek, I. Haber, S. Bernal, M. Reiser, and P. G. O’Shea
We study, experimentally and numerically, the relaxation of an initially nonuniform intense beam in an alternating-gradient transport line. A nonlinear distribution consisting of five interacting beamlets is created and tracked for longer than seven plasma periods with the help of tomographic phase-...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 064201
] Published Mon Jun 1, 2009
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D. Jeon, L. Groening, and G. Franchetti
It is discovered that, for a high intensity beam, the 4σ=360° (or 4ν=1) resonance of a linear accelerator is manifested through the octupolar term of space charge potential when the depressed phase advance per cell σ is close to and below 90° but no resonance effect is observed when σ is just ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 054204
] Published Fri May 29, 2009
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Relativistic, Multiple-Particle Dynamics
T. Ieiri, Y. Ohnishi, M. Tobiyama, and S. Uehara
Effective head-on collision and improvement in specific luminosity were established by the installation of crab cavities in KEKB. Tune spectra of a colliding bunch in a crabbing collision were observed by using a spectrum analyzer. The beam-beam spectrum showed strong nonlinear resonance. By taking ...
[Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 12, 064401
] Published Tue Jun 9, 2009
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Papers recently accepted for publication in Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams (view more).
Low- and Intermediate-Energy Accelerators
Low energy neutrino factory design
C. Ankenbrandt, S. A. Bogacz, A. Bross, S. Geer, C. Johnstone, D. Neuffer and M. Popovic
The design of a low energy (4 GeV) Neutrino Factory is described, along with its expected performance. The Neutrino Factory uses a high energy proton beam to produce charged pions. The pi+- decay to produce muons (mu+-), which are collected, accelerated, and stored in a ring with long straight sections. Muons decaying in the straight sections produce neutrino beams. The scheme is based on previous designs for higher energy Neutrino Factories, but has an improved bunching and phase rotation system, and new acceleration, storage ring and detector schemes tailored to the needs of the lower energy facility. Our simulations suggest that the NF scheme we describe can produce neutrino beams generated by ~1.4 x 1021 mu+ per year decaying in a long straight section of the storage ring, and a similar number of mu- decays.
Accepted Tue Jun 30, 2009
Pulsed-Power Accelerators, Technology, and Dynamics
Assessment of the basic parameters of the CERN Superconducting Proton Linac
O. Brunner, S. Calatroni, E. Ciapala, M. Eshraqi, R. Garoby, F. Gerigk, A. Lombardi, R. Losito, V. Parma, C. Rossi, J. Tuckmantel, M. Vretenar, U. Wagner and W. Weingarten
The construction of a 4nbsp;GeV Superconducting Proton Linac (the SPL) is now part of the Long Term Plan of CERN, and the construction of Linac4, its low-energy front end, has begun. For mid-2011 the existing conceptual design of the SPL has to be refined and transformed into a project proposal. As a first step, basic parameters like RF frequency, accelerating gradient and operating temperature of the superconducting cavities have been re-assessed, taking into account the experience accumulated in the world during the recent years, especially for the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) in Oakridge and the International Linear Collider (ILC) projects. The conclusions confirm the validity of the initial choices, namely the RF frequency of 704.4nbsp;MHz and the cooling temperature of 2nbsp;K. However the assumed gradients are estimated as optimistic: additional tests are necessary during the coming years to properly define the values to be used in the SPL design. This analysis is documented and its results are explained in this report.
Accepted Wed Jun 17, 2009
Synchrotron Radiation, Free-Electron Lasers, and Coherent Radiation Sources
Characterization and mitigation of coherent optical-transition radiation signals from a compressed electron beam
A. H. Lumpkin, N. S. Sereno, W. Berg, M. Borland, Y. Li and S. Pasky
The Advanced Photon Source (APS) injector complex includes an option for rf photocathode (PC) gun beam injection into the 450-MeV S-band linac. At the 150-MeV point, a 4-dipole chicane was used to compress the micropulse bunch length from a few ps to sub 0.5 ps (FWHM). Noticeable enhancements of the optical transition radiation (OTR) signal sampled after the APS chicane were then observed as has been reported in the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) injector commissioning. A far-infrared (FIR) coherent transition radiation detector and interferometer were used to monitor the bunch compression process and correlate the appearance of localized spikes of OTR signal (5 to 10 times brighter than adjacent areas) within the beam image footprint. We have performed spectral-dependency measurements at 375 MeV with a series of band pass filters centered in 50-nm increments from 400 to 700 nm and with an imaging spectrometer and observed a broadband enhancement in these spikes. Mitigation concepts of the observed coherent OTR (COTR), which exhibits an intensity enhancement in the red part of the visible spectrum as compared to incoherent OTR, are described.
Accepted Tue Jun 30, 2009
High-Energy Accelerators and Colliders
Observation of focusing effect in optical transition and diffraction radiation generated from a spherical target
L. G. Sukhikh, A. S. Aryshev, P. V. Karataev, G. A. Naumenko, A. P. Potylitsyn, N. Terunuma and J. Urakawa
For the first time the focusing effect in optical transition and diffraction radiation generated by 1.28 GeV electrons in a tilted spherical target has been observed experimentally. A comparison of detected as well as simulated radiation spatial distributions produced by a flat and a spherical target has been made. It is shown that the application of such targets has allowed us to increase the radiation spectral-spatial density at the target focus without applying any additional focusing devices.
Accepted Tue Jun 23, 2009
Reviews of Historical Milestones
Orlov, Tarasov, and the Robinson sum rule
Richard Talman and Alexander W. Chao
A paper proving a result now commonly known as "Robinson sum rule" was published by Orlov and Tarasov at about the same time that Robinson himself published the result . We assigned ourselves the task of reviewing this work, as narrowly as possible, in hopes of understanding how it should be considered in view of the existing attribution. The chronology of the work is reviewed and the degree to which the two works were independent and have qualitatively different content is considered.
Accepted Mon Jun 15, 2009
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